a)
Source 1: Dr. Helmut Glück, Aerodynamik
der Schienenfahrzeuge (Aerodynamics of Rail Vehicles), Cologne 1985 page
61; formula of Deutsche Versuchsanstalt for Luft- and Raumfahrt:
cw=cwFront+cwRear+0.02(Ak-Am)/S+nSA*cwSA+(cwa/cwa=max.)(cwR+cwTr+cwFT+cwWheel)
with:
cwR=O/S*(8.1+1.6log LZ)-2.5 and
cwa/cwa=max.=1.1
Ak, Am: Cross-section of head- resp. middle
cars (m²)
S: normative area 10 m²
SA: pantographs
O: surface of the train
Tr: gap between cars
LZ:train length
FT: windows, doors
n: number
a: distance vehicle bottom - ground (track
bed)
| Term | Value | Unit | Comment |
| cwFront |
0.10
|
yields cw = 0.28 for a single cabin | |
| cwRear |
0.16
|
||
| Cross section Ak=Am (m2) |
5.8
|
m² | |
| train length Lz=171m |
38
|
cars | at 4.6 m length per cabin |
| cwR |
0.34
|
according to formula | |
| cwTr |
0.00346
|
* | |
| cwFT |
0.05
|
* | |
| cw,wheel |
0.00
|
constant cross section | |
| cwtotal |
0.69
|
||
| speed |
50
|
m/s | |
| power |
325
|
kW | |
| efficiency |
0.32
|
primary energy->air gap | |
| comparison value (air res) |
1.67
|
l/100km/car | primary petrol |
| comparison value (air res) |
1.37
|
l/100km/car | diesel oil at gas station** |
*Values for cw -values for gaps between cars, windows and doors are estimated considering DB measurements of air resistance from 1975: A 26.4 m long modern express passenger car bears as compared to a C4 express passenger car a 23% lower cw-value per meter length.
**8 % losses for refinement, infrastructure and transport, diesel oil has 11% higher energy content per litre. Calculations according to E. Jänsch, eb 93 (1995) 1/2, 25
b)
Source 2: R. Fürst, Proceedings MAGLEV'95,
S. 117 Fig. 6, similarity calculations for 10-sections TR 07:
| Term | Value | Unit | Comment |
| TR 07 10-S at 2% gradient |
16.10
|
kW/to | speed 180 km/h |
| TR 07 2-S at 2% gradient |
18.30
|
kW/to | speed 180 km/h |
| TR 07 10-S at 0% gradient |
6.29
|
kW/to | speed 180 km/h |
| TR 07 2-S at 0% gradient |
8.47
|
kW/to | speed 180 km/h |
| for air resistance |
3.73
|
kW/to | *** |
| for non-air resistance |
4.74
|
kW/to | specific power for non-air resistance |
| weight TR 07 2-S |
90
|
t | equals 45t per section |
| power at 0% gradient |
762
|
kW | |
| of which for air resistance |
335
|
kW | |
| for non-air resistance |
427
|
kW | for TR 07 2-sections |
***see reference p. 421: TR 06 has 44% air resistance at 180 km/h, assume: TR 07 equally.
Source 3: Meeting of VDI: The Future of
track guided traffic, Hamburg, 1998, Calculation of air resistance of a
10-sections-TR 08.
| Term | Value | Unit | Comment |
| weight TR 07 10-S |
450
|
t | equals 45t per section |
| power at 0% gradient |
2831
|
kW | according to source (see above) |
| for non-air resistance |
2134
|
kW | 5 times TR 07 2-S, proportional to number of sections |
| for air resistance TR 07 |
696
|
kW | |
| for air resistance TR 08 |
592
|
kW | 15 % improved cw-value over TR 07 according to source |
AUTOSHUTTLE
Air Resistance by Aerodynamic Similarity Calculation with TR 08:
| Term | Value | Unit | Comment |
| Car Convoy | |||
| Cross-section=A |
5.8
|
m² | TR 07: 11m² cross-section |
| length |
171
|
m | similar body to TR 07 10-S |
| cars |
38
|
at 4.6 m per car | |
| speed |
180
|
km/h | |
| lump additional factor |
1.05
|
for steeper front and more gaps | |
| power per car |
8.62
|
kW | in the air gap |
| total efficiency |
0.32
|
||
| compar. value (air resis only) |
1.68
|
l/100km/car | primary petrol |
| compar. value (air resis only) |
1.38
|
l/100km/car | diesel at gas station |
| Lorry Convoy | |||
| cross section = A |
17.58
|
m² | TR 07: 11m² cross-section |
| length |
298
|
m | similar body to TR 07 10-S |
| number of 40 to-lorries |
15
|
at 20 m length per vehicle | |
| speed |
180
|
km/h | |
| power/lorry |
67
|
kW | in the air gap |
| total efficiency |
0.32
|
primary energy->air gap | |
| comp. value (air resis only) |
13.01
|
l/100km/40to | primary petrol |
| comp. value (air resis only) |
10.65
|
l/100km/40to | diesel at gas station |
The average value for both calculation
methods a) and b) yields for a car convoy 1.37 l Diesel/100km/car
and for a lorry convoy 10.61 l Diesel/100km/40to at a gas station
each.